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Parenthetical (In-Text) Citations - MLA StyleThe purpose of parenthetical or in-text citations is to provide readers with enough information that they can find the item in the Works Cited list and then locate the exact place (page number) in the work itself. Correct parenthetical citations are necessary for quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. The exact format of your parenthetical citation depends on the information contained within your paper. The parenthetical citation always appears outside any quotation marks but within the sentence (before the period). Author named within paper Printable copy of MLA Parenthetical Citations If you list the name of the author, the parenthetical citation need only contain the page number. Example: Thomas Friedman wrote, "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (195). If the author is not named, include his/her name in the parenthetical citation. Example: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman 195). Author has more than one work in Works Cited If more than one work by the same author is listed in the paper's bibliography, include a reference to the specific work either within the paper or in the parenthetical citation. Example: In The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Thomas L. Friedman noted, "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (195). If the title is not included in the paper, use a brief reference (shortened title) in the parenthetical citation. Example: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman, Lexus 195). More than one author with the same last name If your bibliography includes two authors with the same last name, Milton Friedman and Thomas Friedman, for example, include the author's first initial in the parenthetical citation. Example: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman, T. 195). If the article has no author listed, refer to the first portion of the title as in this example for an article called "A Critique of 'Lexus and Olive' View of Globalisation" which also happens to be unpaginated. Example: "Friedman, in his book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, has mentioned that globalisation is inevitable and irreversible, the forward march of technology makes it so. Governments can no longer control the free flow of information. The cell phone and satellite television have reached even the remotest Indonesian village" ("Critique"). If a work has two authors, link their names with the word and (written out, do not use an ampersand). Example: "The network form is on the rise in a big way, and because of this, societies are entering a new epoch" (Arquilla and Ronfelt 43). If a work has three authors, format their names and the page reference as follows. Example: "Globalization is an inevitable process. The words is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Tarrant 3). Work has more than three authors Use only the first author and "et al." which is short for et alii which in Latin means "and others". Notice there is no punctuation between the author and et al. Example: "Individual preventative stress management provides an effective complement for dealing with organizational stress" (Quick et al. 159). Some articles or Websites may be unpaginated. In those cases, list the author's last name (or if not given, a brief reference to the title). Example: "Friedman realized early that to write intelligently about world economics he needed to make himself an expert in six tightly integrated domains that are usually reported separately: financial markets, politics, culture, national security, technology, and the environment" (Brand). If you use an indirect quotation (a quotation that you found in another source that was quoting from the original) use the following method of in-text citation. This quote, from Glenn Prickett, is on page 30 of the book. This is called an indirect citation. Example: An environmental group's president made the following observation about arriving by plane in a remote Amazon village: "Touching down on the grass landing strip we were met by the entire village in traditional dress -- and undress -- and painted faces, with a smattering of American baseball caps bearing random logos" (qtd. in Friedman 30). To avoid plagiarism, provide parenthetical citations for direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries based on the same models listed above. Example: A new worldview has emerged in the past decade. Whereas the symbol of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall, the symbol of globalization is the World Wide Web. Where the former divides, the latter unifies and connects (Friedman 40). Same information in two or more works List both works in the parenthetical citation exactly as they would be listed individually, but separate them with a semicolon. Example: Pundits agree that globalization will impact the future of all businesses as national borders are breached and trade barriers are broken down, and both eventually disappear (Friedman 42; Czinkota, Ronkainen and Tarrant 1). Works Cited Here is a Works Cited list of the examples used on this page. For more information on MLA Style bibliographies, see our MLA Style page. "A Critique of 'Lexus
and Olive' View of Globalisation." Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt. The Advent of Netwar. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1996. Brand, Stewart. "The
Lexus and the Olive Tree". GBN Bookclub. April 1999. 21 Oct.
2002. <http://www.gbn.org/ Czinkota, Michael R., Ilkka A. Ronkainen and John J. Tarrant. The Global Marketing Imperative: Positioning Your Company for the New World of Business. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business, 1995. Friedman, Thomas L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999. Quick, James Campbell, et al. Preventive Stress Management in Organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1997. For circumstances not covered by these examples, see the MLA Style Manual at the Reference Desk. |
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